"Like drinking water, only you know its temperature" is a widely known Buddhist saying, emphasizing that only individuals can truly understand their own experiences, while others' guesses are futile. Another classic story is the debate on "the happiness of fish" from Zhuangzi. Today, let's start our discussion from here.
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We don't know what others are thinking, nor do we know what non-humans think. This has been a long-held belief in social science. However, this perspective has seen a shift in the recent "post-human" understanding of the world. In "The Elementary Forms of Religious Life," Durkheim uses the concept of "collective effervescence" in social psychology to illustrate how closed individual minds can form a society.
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Durkheim's central question is: "If each of our minds is closed and we cannot truly empathize with others, how do we feel that we belong to a larger society?" Through the study of religious rituals, Durkheim concluded that during these rituals, people wear similar clothes, eat similar foods, dance similar dances, and sing similar songs. This creates an illusion of shared consciousness, making individuals feel connected to others and fostering a sense of belonging.
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In addition to Durkheim's subjects, Marilyn Strathern's research on the islanders of Oceania highlights another possibility: the fractal concept of "social persons" among Melanesian islanders. This concept suggests that individuals are microcosms of society, and by sharing personal traits, they can connect to form a social structure.
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Isn't it the same with family and relatives? We feel that we belong to a family or a close-knit group because we sense mutual dependence. We exist for each other, and each of us is a reason for the other's existence.
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Thus, Donna Haraway, following the ontological turn advocated by Castro and others, proposes in the "Cthulucene" era of mutual dependence between humans and all entities, a form of "kin-making" that transcends species. We should create kin with others rather than producing more offspring because to be human is to become kin. And this "human" does not necessarily refer to humans alone but to all entities in a broader sense.
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